Makalah Clause as Exchange

INTRODUCTION

To study of language, there are many structures to make a good grammar. Grammar is a policy to produce a good sentence. Before become a sentence, the word has a term obey the form. Such as, phrase, clause and then sentence. In this occasion, clause has some function in grammatical structure. There are clause as exchange, clause as message, clause as Significance of clause as exchange It is about the relationship speakers forge with listeners through the form of language.  Interpersonal In the act of speaking, the speaker adopts for himself a particular speech role, and in so doing assigns to the listener a complementary role that he wishes him to adopt in his turn. Language is interaction process between the speaker and listener. Proposition and proposal question command demanding Statement offer giving information goods & services.

In this paper, we will discuss about clause as exchange (Proposal, proposition, and mood structure).

CONTENT

A.  Clause

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself.[1] Clause simultaneously encodes 3 (main) strands of Meaning: Experiential (ideational), interpersonal, and textual.

One is what Halliday calls ideational. This involves looking for processes in a text - processes name events taking place or relationships among things. Then you divide the text up into processes and whatever ‘go with them’. Knowing what a verb is, you can think of looking for processes as looking for verbs. You remember from traditional school grammar the notion that verbs are ‘action’ words. This can be useful as long as you keep in mind that lot of verbs (e.g. be and have) refer to relationships, not actions.

Another way is what Halliday calls interpersonal. This involves treating a text as a dialogue. Basically, this means dividing the text into things you can argue with.

The third way is what Halliday calls textual. This approach takes advantages of the fact that texts may tend to return to closely related starting points at the beginning of successive clauses. [2]

Interpersonal meaning (clause as exchange) expresses relations among participants in the situation and the speaker’s own intrusion. (Halliday, 1978:46) The interpersonal function meaning is an interpretation of language in its function as an exchange, which is a doing function of language. It is concerned with language as action. The interpersonal of the clause is that the exchanging roles in rhetorical interaction statements, questions, offers, and commands, together with accompanying modalities.

 For example:

Example	Mood
The spy came in from the cold. Did the spy come in from the cold? Who came in from the cold? Where did the spy come from? Come in from the cold!	declarative interrogative: yes/ no interrogative: wh- imperative

B.  Proposition and proposal

Statements and questions involve exchanges of information and they are called propositions while offers and commands are exchanges of goods and services called proposals. Look at this Halliday’s metaphor of symbolic exchange table[3]:

Role in exchange	Goods and services	Information
Giving	Offer	Statement
Seeking	Command	Question
	proposal	proposition

C.  Mood Structure

Mood is a system through which interpersonal meanings are realized within the conversation. It consists of two parts: (1) the subject, which is a nominal group, and (2) the finite operator, which is part of a verbal group, and the remainder of those parts are called residue.[4] Example:

They	are	discussing	about mathematic
Subject	finite	predicator	adjunct
Mood		residue

From the structure, we may find that a mood element of an English clause typically consists of subject + finite. The Finite element is one of the small numbers of verbal operators expressing tense, modality and polarity. These are listed below:

Finite verbal operators, Temporal:

Past	Present	Future
Did, was Had, used to	Does, is Has	Will, shall Would, should

Modal:

Low	Median	High
Can, may Would, might (dare)	Will, would Is to, was to	Must, ought to Need, Has to, had to

(Halliday 1994: 76)

These verbal operators also have negative counterparts, e.g. didn’t, won’t, can’t, wouldn’t, mustn’t.

The residue element it consists of predicator, one or more complement(s), and any number of different types of adjuncts.

a.    Predicator is the verb part of a clause, the bit which tell what’s doing, happening or being. There are also non-finite (to+verb and verb+ing) clauses containing a predicator but no finite element, for example:

So as to give Henry more room

To give	Henry	more room
Predicator	Complement	Complement

Halliday (1994: 79) claims that there are two verbs in English which in simple past and simple present tense appears as finite only, without being fused with a distinct element as predicator. These are “be” and “have”

The car	had	four bicycles wheels
Subject	Finite	Complement
Mood		Residue

b.    Complement answers the question “is/ had what”, “to whom”, “did to what”. The complements have the potential to be Subject.

Henry Ford built his first car in his backyard.

His first car answers the question: did to (built) what?

c.    Adjunct

Circumstantial adjunct answer the question “how”, “when”, “where”, “by whom”

Example: In the symphony was played badly by an amateur orchestra during a concert Saturday night at the Performing Art Centre.

“badly” is an adjunct, answering the question how

“by an amateur orchestra” is an adjunct, answering the question whom

“during a concert and Saturday night” are adjuncts, answering the question when

“at the Performing Art Centre” is an adjunct, answering the question where.

These are all circumstantial adjunct. There are several other types of adjuncts. One of these is centrally relevant to analysis of MOOD. The two which fall outside of mood structure are conjunctive adjunct and comment adjunct. Conjunctive adjunct include item such as, for instance, anyway, moreover, meanwhile, therefore, nevertheless. While comment adjunct express the speakers’ comment on what he/she is saying, such as, frankly, apparently, hopefully, etc.

Mood adjunct, on the other hand, both express interpersonal meanings and do fall within mood structure, more particularly within the mood element. Mood adjuncts relate specifically to the meaning of the finite verbal operators, expressing probability, usuallity, obligation, inclination or time.[5]

CONCLUSION

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). Interpersonal meaning (clause as exchange) expresses relations among participants in the situation and the speaker’s own intrusion. (Halliday, 1978:46)

Statements and questions involve exchanges of information and they are called propositions while offers and commands are exchanges of goods and services called proposals. Mood is a system through which interpersonal meanings are realized within the conversation. From the structure, we may find that a mood element of an English clause typically consists of subject + finite.

REFERENCES

Gerot , Linda and Peter Wignell. 1995. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Australia: Gerd Stabler

M, Halliday& Matthiessen, C. 2003. Clause as exchange. In M. Halliday & C. Matthiessen, An introduction to functional grammar . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_3/opt_lb_straina/engleza/opt_lb_engl_an3_sem2_cerban_07.doc. accesed on 4 March 2014

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/clauses accesed on 4 March 2014

http://www.slideshare.net/rominacheme/mood-9161431. accesed on 4 March 2014

---